Whilst environmental multilateralism is imperfect and often slow, it remains necessary as collective environmental problems cannot be effectively addressed by isolated national actions alone. Academic institutions, like the University of Manchester, can bolster environmental multilateralism by providing robust analysis and evidence, and engaging with international bodies to help foster collaboration and trust-building among nations. When concluding the negotiations, UNEP Executive Director thanked Member States, saying: “The beacon of environmental multilateralism that rises above the fog of geopolitical differences today shines a little brighter.”

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